1、外包层保护，即用现浇混凝土外包或在钢结构表面涂抹砂浆等形式形成保护层的保护方法。现浇成型的实体混凝土外包层通常用钢丝网或钢筋来加强，来限制收缩裂缝保证外壳的强度。砂浆可以是石灰水泥或是石膏砂浆，也可以采用蛭石砂浆或掺入珍珠岩和石棉。同时外包层也可以用珍珠岩、石棉、石膏或石棉水泥、轻混凝土做成预制板，采用胶粘剂、钉子、螺栓固定在钢结构上。目前我国一些企业生产的蒸压加气混凝土板的耐火性能已经达到标准，在很多工程中得到了应用。
1. Outer layer protection refers to the method of forming a protective layer by wrapping it with cast-in-place concrete or applying mortar to the surface of the steel structure. The outer layer of cast-in-place solid concrete is usually reinforced with steel wire mesh or steel bars to limit shrinkage cracks and ensure the strength of the shell. Mortar can be lime cement or gypsum mortar, or vermiculite mortar or mixed with perlite and asbestos. At the same time, the outer layer can also be made into prefabricated panels using perlite, asbestos, gypsum, asbestos cement, and lightweight concrete, and fixed to the steel structure using adhesives, nails, and bolts. At present, the fire resistance performance of autoclaved aerated concrete slabs produced by some enterprises in China has reached national standards and has been applied in many projects.
2、冷却-空心型钢结构，即在钢结构内充水循环冷却的保护方法，它是抵御火灾更有效的防护措施。这种方法能使钢结构在火灾中保持较低的温度，水在钢结构内循环，吸收材料本身受热的热量，受热的水经冷却后可以进行再循环，或由管道引入凉水来取代受热的水。
2. Cooling - Hollow steel structure, which is a protective method of filling water and circulating cooling inside the steel structure, is the most effective protective measure against fire. This method can keep the steel structure at a relatively low temperature in a fire, and water circulates within the steel structure to absorb the heat generated by the material itself. The heated water can be recycled after cooling or replaced by cold water introduced by pipelines.
3、屏蔽-钢结构保护，即将钢结构构件设置在耐火材料组成的墙体或顶棚内的保护方法，这种方法较为经济，应用中只要增加少许耐火材料即能达到防火的目的。
3. Shielding steel structure protection refers to the protection method of placing steel structure components in walls or ceilings composed of refractory materials. This method is more economical and can achieve the goal of fire prevention by adding a small amount of refractory materials in application.
4、膨胀材料保护，即采用钢结构膨胀型防火涂料涂刷在构件外面保护构件。受热时这些材料膨胀在钢结构表面形成适当的保护层，大大提高了钢结构在火灾中的性。这种方法具有防火隔热性能好、施工不受钢结构几何形体限制等优点，一般不需要添加辅助设施，且涂层质量轻，还有一定的美观装饰作用，属于现代的防火技术措施。
4. Expansion material protection refers to the use of steel structure expansion type fireproof coating applied to the outside of the components to protect them. When heated, these materials expand to form an appropriate protective layer on the surface of the steel structure, greatly improving the safety of the steel structure in fire. This method has the advantages of good fire and insulation performance, construction not limited by the geometric shape of the steel structure, and generally does not require the addition of auxiliary facilities. The coating quality is light, and it also has a certain aesthetic decoration effect. It belongs to modern advanced fire prevention technology measures.
5、耐候钢的应用。耐火耐候钢具有优良的耐高温和耐大气腐蚀性，在我国它是作为目前建筑上使用较多的Q235钢和Q345钢的替代钢种，它具有与普通建筑用钢相当的室温力学性能、焊接性能以及其它性能。使用耐火耐候钢可以不用或减少涂装，由此可以减少防火涂料和防火包覆的使用，从而减少污染、大大节约维护工本；另外钢材厚度好可减薄，节约综合成本30%以上。且这种耐火性和耐候性还具有性和自愈性，即钢材不论在加工或焊割后，还是在服役使用中表面擦撞或火灾后，其耐候性、耐火性可以不变，这是普通钢及附加保护层后不可能具有的。
5. The application of weathering steel. Refractory and weather resistant steel has excellent high-temperature resistance and atmospheric corrosion resistance. In China, it is a substitute steel for Q235 steel and Q345 steel, which are commonly used in construction. It has room temperature mechanical properties, welding properties, and other properties comparable to ordinary building steel. The use of fire-resistant and weather resistant steel can eliminate or reduce the need for coating, thereby reducing the use of fireproof coatings and coatings, thereby reducing pollution and greatly saving maintenance costs; In addition, good steel thickness can reduce thickness, saving more than 30% of overall costs. And this kind of fire resistance and weather resistance also has permanent and self-healing properties, that is, whether the steel is processed or welded, or after surface collision or fire during service use, its weather resistance and fire resistance can remain unchanged, which is impossible for ordinary steel and additional protective layers.
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