钢结构的连接类型

Connection types of steel structures

　　钢结构的连接方法有焊缝连接、螺栓连接和铆钉连接三种。

There are three types of connection methods for steel structures: weld connection, bolt connection, and rivet connection.

　　（一）、焊缝连接

（1） Welding seam connection

　　焊缝连接是通过电弧产生的热量使焊条和焊件局部熔化，经冷却凝结成焊缝，从而将焊件连接成为一体。

Welding seam connection is a process in which the heat generated by the arc causes the welding rod and the workpiece to locally melt, then cool and condense into a weld seam, thereby connecting the workpiece into one entity.

　　优点：不削弱构件截面，节约钢材，构造简单，制造方便，连接刚度大，密封性能好，在一定条件下易于采用自动化作业，生产效率高。

Advantages: It does not weaken the cross-section of the components, saves steel, has a simple structure, is easy to manufacture, has high connection stiffness, good sealing performance, and is easy to adopt automated operations under certain conditions, with high production efficiency.

　　缺点：焊缝附近钢材因焊接高温作用形成的热影响区可能是某些部位材质变脆；焊接过程中钢材受到分布不均匀的高温和冷却，使结构产生焊接残余应力和残余变形，对结构的承载力、刚度和使用性能有一定影响；焊接结构由于刚度大，局部裂纹一经发生很容易扩展到整体，尤其是在低温下易发生脆断；焊缝连接的塑性和韧性较差，施焊时可能产生缺陷，使疲劳强度降低。

Disadvantage: The heat affected zone formed by welding high temperature in the steel near the weld may cause some parts of the material to become brittle; During the welding process, the steel is subjected to uneven distribution of high temperature and cooling, resulting in residual welding stress and deformation in the structure, which has a certain impact on the bearing capacity, stiffness, and performance of the structure; Due to the high stiffness of welded structures, local cracks can easily propagate to the entire structure, especially at low temperatures where brittle fracture is prone to occur; The plasticity and toughness of welded joints are poor, and defects may occur during welding, leading to a decrease in fatigue strength.

　　（二）、螺栓连接

（2） Bolt connection

　　螺栓连接是通过螺栓这种紧固件把连接件连接成为一体。 螺栓连接分普通螺栓连接和高强度螺栓连接两种。

Bolted connection is the process of connecting components together through bolts, which are fasteners. There are two types of bolt connections: ordinary bolt connections and high-strength bolt connections.

　　优点：施工工艺简单、安装方便，特别适用于工地安装连接，也便于拆卸，适用于需要装拆结构和临时性连接。

Advantages: The construction process is simple and easy to install, making it particularly suitable for on-site installation and connection, as well as easy disassembly. It is suitable for structures that require disassembly and temporary connections.

　　缺点：需要在板件上开孔和拼装时对孔，增加制造工作量，且对制造的精度要求较高；螺栓孔还使构件截面削弱，且被连接件常需相互搭接或增设辅助连接板（或角钢），因而构造较繁且多费钢材。

Disadvantages: Holes need to be drilled and aligned during assembly on the board, which increases manufacturing workload and requires high precision in manufacturing; Bolt holes also weaken the cross-section of the component, and the connected parts often need to overlap with each other or add auxiliary connecting plates (or angle steels), making the construction more complex and requiring more steel.

　　（三）、 铆钉连接

（3） Rivet connection

　　铆钉连接是将一端带有半圆形预制钉头的铆钉，将钉杆烧红后迅速插入连接件的钉孔中，然后用铆钉枪将另一端也打铆成钉头，以使连接达到紧固。

Rivet connection is the process of inserting a rivet with a semi-circular prefabricated nail head at one end, burning the nail rod red, and quickly inserting it into the nail hole of the connecting piece. Then, using a rivet gun, the other end is also riveted into a nail head to achieve a secure connection.

　　优点：铆接传力可靠，塑性、韧性均较好，质量易于检查和保证，可用于重型和直接承受动力荷载的结构。

Advantages: Riveting has reliable force transmission, good plasticity and toughness, and easy quality inspection and assurance. It can be used for heavy-duty and structures that directly bear dynamic loads.

　　缺点：铆接工艺复杂、制造费工费料，且劳动强度高，故已基本被焊接和高强度螺栓连接所取代。

Disadvantages: The riveting process is complex, manufacturing requires labor and materials, and labor intensity is high, so it has been basically replaced by welding and high-strength bolt connections.

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